Elizabethan Poetry Essay - 582 Words

It was during the Elizabethan age that England felt the complete effect of the Renaissance. There occurred a revival of the old and classical literature of Greece and Rome and this was manifested in the poetry of the age. The Elizabethan age was characterized by an extreme spirit of adventure, aestheticism and materialism which became the characteristic features of Elizabethan poetry. Many poets displayed their skill in versification during this time and England came to be called The Nest Of Singing Birds. Wyatt and Surrey In 1557 Tottel printed A Miscellany of Uncertain Authors commonly known as Tottels Miscellany. Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 - 42) and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-47) made valuable contributions to this†¦show more content†¦Spenser also wrote the famous wedding hymns Prothalmion and Epithalmion. The Faerie Queene is the masterpiece of Spenser. He modeled it on Ariostos Orlando Furioso. It contains six books each of which describes the adventure and triumph of a knight who represents a moral virtue. It is a didactic romance. For this he invented a poetic form known as Spenserian stanza. Spensers idealism, his love of beauty and his exquisite melody has earned him the name The Poets Poet. Shakespeare He was the most famous dramatic poet of Elizabethan age. His non-dramatic poetry consists of two narrative poems Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and a sequence of 154 sonnets. Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also as a great poet who with the use of his melodious words and sheer imagination have made an everlasting name in literature. Sir Philip Sidney The spirit of Elizabethan England was greatly manifested in the life and literature of this eminent courtier of Elizabeth. Sir Philip Sidney. His Greatest work is Astrophel and Stella, a series of sonnets on the various facets of love. The bitter sorrow for his lost happiness, the unconquerable longing to possess his love, the despair into which he was flung, the struggle between honour and passion - all is intensely portrayed in Astrophel and Stella. Minor poets The minor poets of Elizabethan age are Thomas Sackville, George Chapman and Michael Drayton. Thomas Sackville wrote the poem AShow MoreRelatedElizabethan Poetry941 Words   |  4 PagesElizabethan Poetry I Drama dominates our syllabus but the Renaissance was a Golden Age not just for English drama, but also for English poetry. But what was English poetry? George Puttenham’s The Arte of English Poesie (1589) and Sir Philip Sidney’s The Defense of Poesie (1595): early attempts to think about English poetry as a distinct national tradition. Puttenham and Sidney were concerned to build a canon and help shape English poetry into a tradition capable of rivalling more prestigiousRead MoreElizabethan Poetry Analysis1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe Female Figure in Elizabethan Drama and Poetry The Elizabethan era was marked by a flourishing of the arts, particularly literature. Many famous poets and writers such as Shakespeare and Marlowe were prevalent in this time and they all sought to be unique from one another. Through this race to be the best, they used common themes while taking a wide variety of approaches towards each subject. Even works done by the same author hold different values in an attempt to stand out among the crowd.Read MoreEssay on Pre 1914 Love Poetry from the Victorian and Elizabethan Era3579 Words   |  15 PagesPre 1914 Love Poetry from the Victorian and Elizabethan Era Conventional females were considered to be second class citizens who were expected to refrain in conveying their natural feelings and emotions. Women were also socially neglected, as they were expected to remain at home whilst their respective husbands ensured the upkeep of the family by managing the family finances. The male population at this point in time ignorantly viewed women as coy, innocent characters, seemingly unawareRead MoreThe Elizabethan Age: Is There a History Behind the Theater? Essay examples1668 Words   |  7 Pages There’s always history behind a theater, right? Right! The Elizabethan Theater was part of an age where body of works reign while Elizabeth I was queen (1558-1603). During the Elizabethan era, there was a mass production of inspired drama, poetry and other forms of literature, as well as growth in humanism and significantly the birth of professional theater in England. This period embodies the work of Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, the well-known, William ShakespeareRead More William Shakespeare and His Works Essay3349 Words   |  14 Pagesmarry a woman by the name of Anne Hathaway. With Hathaway he had three children, two girls and a son, and as a playwright and poet, Shakespeare went on to enjoy moderate success in his time, writing thirty-seven (known) plays and several works of poetry. Of course his pla ys would be well underappreciated during his time (as with all great artists), but later, such titles as King Lear, Twelfth Night, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth would only begin a list of some of the most appraised scriptsRead MoreShakespeares Presentation of the Female Character in the Taming of the Shrew1503 Words   |  7 PagesShrew Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew explores the role of women in Elizabethan times. Shakespeare uses many themes and imagery in the play and this essay intends to explore how Shakespeare presents the female character in the Taming of the Shrew. The Elizabethans believed that a peaceful and tamed house wife was a good wife. This view is supported by The goodie and the Baddie an Elizabethan text giving advice on how to be a good wife. â€Å"†¦she is a comfort of calamity†¦sheRead MoreMarriage and Relationships in William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew2278 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Shrew†. In â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† it is quite obvious that love is seen as in no way important when people are to be married. Perhaps some of Shakespeare’s own experiences, have been transferred into the characters. In Elizabethan England, men were dominant, they would go out to work and get the respect in the community. Women, however, were expected to wait on the men hand and foot, they would have to make dinner, cook, clean, do whatever their husband wishedRead MoreA Brief History of English Literature1782 Words   |  8 PagesA brief history of English literature 1. Anglo-Saxon literature Written in Old English c.650-c.1100. Anglo-Saxon poetry survives almost entirely in four manuscripts. Beowulf is the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem; other great works include The Wanderer, The Battle of Maldon, and The Dream of the Rood. Notable prose includes the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a historical record begun about the time of King Alfred ´s reign (871-899) and continuing for more than three centuriesRead MoreThe Elizabethan Eras Effect on Shakespeares Works2878 Words   |  12 PagesThe Elizabethan Eras Effect on Shakespeares Works If every playwright in Shakespeares time aspired, as he did, to paint a portrait of an age in their works, his would have been the Mona Lisa, leaving the most lasting impression on generations to come and at the same time, one of the worlds most baffling mysteries. Surely it is no coincidence that the worlds most celebrated dramatist wouldve lived during the time when one of the worlds most powerful rulers in history reigned. Or was it? Read MoreEssay Manipulation of Lyrics in Shakespeares As You Like It1697 Words   |  7 Pagesroles and identity, William Shakespeares As you Like It is a historical preservation of Renaissance music. The play is fraught with spontaneous song and poetry, yet Shakespeare strategically manipulates these musical elements. Specifically, the lyrics and poetry of the play function to establish a soundtrack and a direct appeal to their Elizabethan audience, while providing Shakespeare with a valuable shorthand for character development.    It is necessary to understand that music in Shakespeares

The Cultural Anthropology Margaret Mead - 890 Words

Cultural Anthropology was not something I ever thought I would be interested in. During this class I have learned many new things about other people and how they live. This is by far my favorite class this semester and I just love hearing about other people’s way of life. So, with my newfound love for cultural anthropology I decided to write about one of the most influential female anthropologists. I decided to write about Margaret Mead. I want to discuss her early life. Then, move on to her life as an anthropologist. Lastly, I would like to discuss her contributions to today’s cultural anthropology. Mead was brought into this world on December 16, 1901 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was brought up in a household full of social scientists. Her father was a professor at Wharton School of Finance. Her mother was an early supporter of women’s rights and a sociologist. She grew up in a freethinking home and her parents were very proud supporters of her. They enco uraged her along with her other siblings. Her grandmother a child psychologist was very active in her grandchildren’s lives. She got Mead into watching the actions and behaviors of small children to figure out the reason behind them doing what they do. Mead’s school life was not typical of a child her age. She skipped around with school, some say it was due to all her educators at home. At the young age of eleven she joined the Episcopal Church. Even though she loved ritual and traditions she wanted change. SheShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of The Mead-Freeman Debate1283 Words   |  6 PagesControversy: Critical Analysis of The Mead-Freeman Debate Research Topic Outline In 1983, Derek Freeman challenged Margaret Mead’s 1928 ethnographic work Coming of Age in Samoa, Freeman asserted that Mead’s conclusion of adolescent behavior conflicted with important facts within the social sciences. Freeman’s critique sparked an intense controversy in anthropology regarding the concept of nature versus nurture. Freeman claimed that Boasians’ insisted on separating cultural determinism (nurture) from biologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Meads Coming Of Age In Samoa1227 Words   |  5 Pages31, 1925, Margaret Mead arrived in Pago Pago, American Samoa to conduct ethnographic research on a particular problem. Prior to her arrival in American Samoa, Mead with the guidance of her mentor Franz Boas, decided to investigate the lives of adolescent girls in Samoa as a focal point of her research. Mead chose this subject matter due to her speculation that the period adolescence within the United States during the 1920s was filled with stress and a period of turbulence; therefore, Mead hypothesizedRead MoreAnthropology In The Early-Twentieth-Century Contained Theories872 Words   |  4 PagesAnthropology in the early-twentieth-century contained theories that departed from those of the unilineal evolution in the nineteenth century. The unilineal evolutionary theory argued that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process; therefore, progressing from being a primitive society to the most advanced, or civilized, in a uniform manner. The theory that species were thought to evolve into increasing complexity was applied to societies’ development to progress from a simple to complexRead MoreThe s Work Sex And Temperament1969 Words   |  8 Pagesin Three Primitive Societies, because it â€Å"completed the trilogy on these native cultures† (Flaherty 2002, 1). Simply put, not only do these works play a significant role in Mead’s life, but they hardly represent all of what Mead has done. In thi s anthropological research, Mead observes three tribes, â€Å"(1) the Arapesh, a hill tribe near the coast of Aitape, in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, (2) the Mundugumor, on the Yuat (Dà ¶rferfluss), the second southern upstream tributary of the Sepik RiverRead MoreCritical Annotation of Watson Reading and Commentary Reading1765 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Annotation of Watson Reading and Commentary Reading 5 Question One Assignment 2 Reading Watson, C.W. (Ed.). (1999).A diminishment: A death in the field (Kerinci, Indonesia). In Being there: Fieldwork in anthropology (pp. 141-163). London: Pluto Press. In his reading, A Diminishment: A Death in the Field (1999), Watson analysed two critical issues that have preoccupied anthropologists for nearly four decades. These issues include the extent to which personality of the anthropologistRead MoreGed 210 Unit 1 Examination Answers960 Words   |  4 PagesFor More Information Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com 1. Which of the following would not be considered a specialization within the discipline of physical anthropology? †¢ human anatomy †¢ paleopathology †¢ primatology †¢ phonology 1. The material products of former societies are known as: †¢ artifacts †¢ fossils †¢ legacies †¢ antiquaries 1. Anthropologist, Spencer Wells, is the director of the geographicRead MoreRuth Fulton Benedict Essay2030 Words   |  9 PagesConsidered a pioneer in her time, Ruth Fulton Benedict was an American anthropologist who helped to popularize anthropology while introducing such terms as culture and racism into common place language. As an advocate against discriminatory attitudes, Benedict advocated for tolerance and individuality within social norms and expectations and sought to determine that each culture has its own moral imperatives. Considered her most famous written work, Patterns of Culture, Benedict explores the differencesRead More The Complexity of Sex in a Complex Culture Essay example1089 Words   |  5 Pagesambiguities are developed.   Culture also plays a key role in how specific individuals define sex.   Political, anthropological, and social debates occur because of ambiguous terms and cultural differences regarding sex, as well as because social taboos do not always dictate behavior.    Margaret Mead, in her anthropology essay Sex in Samoa, claims that the Samoan adolescent girls experienced sexual freedom and love-making.   Differences, in the Samoan and American cultures regarding sex, causedRead MoreThe Twentieth Century : Cannibals And Kings ( 1977 ) By Marvin Harris And Coming Of Age1297 Words   |  6 Pagesand Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) by Margaret Mead. Each of these works were pioneering in their contribution to anthropology, and both have also been widely criticized. Margaret Mead (1901-1978) is widely regarded as one of the most renowned, and controversial, anthropologists of her time, and helped popularize the discipline, especially in the USA where she was born and worked (Geertz 1989: 329). She was a student of Franz Boas and his teachings of cultural relativism, and was also one of the pioneersRead MoreGregory Bateson And His Quest3338 Words   |  14 Pagescontributed to multiple subfields within anthropology along with other fields in the s ocial sciences. Bateson never completely settled into one field, but rather, he synthesized his knowledge to incorporate it into his epistemology and methodologies. Gregory Bateson’s contributions to anthropology range from providing new methods of ethnography, helping to establish the field of visual anthropology, influencing ecological, psychological, and linguistics anthropology, to moving cybernetic theory from the

Fifa Is An Absolute Disgrace And One Of The World Cup Essay

are affected due to if there will be another World Cup where they can show off their talents to all of the countries around the world and make a salary to provide for their families. The final peripheral stakeholder in this case has to be the fans due to the fact that they are the ones that fill the seats and have the World Cup make so much money in the first place and without them, there would not even be a World Cup. Also without funding there will be no FIFA organization. It is an absolute disgrace and one of the worst decisions that FIFA has ever made. It is without a doubt a symbol of the blatant corruption and back scratching that goes on in the world game and an affront to the history of the World Cup. Not to mention that stories continue to emerge of the systemic corruption that has occurred around the awarding of the World Cup rights. What are the Possible Solutions to the Issue? From what we know, FIFA is solely responsible for possible legal ramifications that can hurt the sport of football. For Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini, in the article of the Independent, â€Å"It is understood this request will be for bans of several years, based on four potential ethics code breaches: mismanagement, conflict of interest, false accounting and failure to co-operate with, or criticizing, the ethics committee.† (2015). they are a conflict of interest where in a situation the concerns are or aim at two different parties which are incompatible. They are breaches of

An Essay Is Like a Journey free essay sample

Your introduction is like a signpost at the beginning of a trail. It tells readers where you are going to take them, and what they will see along the way. As you think about your introduction, ask yourself: * What Is my main Idea or thesis? * Who are my readers? What language will I need to use to slut them? Are the main ideas I will talk about in each paragraph? Body What The body of the essay moves the reader along toward the destination or goal.It might eave one paragraph, but usually It has several. Each paragraph Is related to one of the points you want to show the readers along the way. Some points may take more than one paragraph to develop completely. There should be connections and transitions between the points you show the reader. As you think about the body of your essay, ask yourself: What points do I want to make to help my readers understand my Idea? * What examples can I use to help the reader understand each point? * What evidence do I have that each point is true?How can I keep the reader interested in following my ideas? Conclusion The conclusion Is the end of the Journey. We will write a custom essay sample on An Essay Is Like a Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It looks back on the points you have shown the reader, and reinforces, but does not necessarily repeat, the main idea. It also should create a feeling of ending, a farewell to the reader. As you think about your conclusion, ask yourself: ; How has the readers mind been changed by following my points and examples? ; What main points do I want to reinforce to make sure the reader understood them? How do I get the reader to think about my ideas AFTER they have finished reading? An Essay Is Like a Journey By Quadripartite * What is my main idea or thesis? * Who are my readers? What language will I need to use to suit them? * What have one paragraph, but usually it has several. Each paragraph is related to one of * What points do I want to make to help my readers understand my idea? * What The conclusion is the end of the Journey.

Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners

Introduction Business administrators and scholars often debate about the goals that managers have to achieve. It is often believed that these professionals should be mostly concerned with the wealth of owners and shareholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such an assumption can seem quite plausible, because every company will cease to exist provided that it does not bring revenues to its investors. However, it also has to create the value for customers, community and employees. Without it, the very sustainability of this organization can be put under threat. Moreover, a manager who thinks only about financial benefits, can compromise his/her ethical principles. This paper is aimed at showing that maximization of profits can be possible only if the management of a company strives to follow both ethical and legal rules. Their main goal is to create value for customers, employees, and the society in general. They should not focus only on the needs of owners or stockholders. This is the main thesis that should be discussed. The first section of this paper will analyze theoretical origins of the belief that the primary objective of management is to maximize the wealth of owners. In particular, it is necessary to focus on the works of Milton Friedman and the way in which his ideas could be misinterpreted. Moreover, this section will show that long-term profitability of businesses is impossible without ethics and social responsibility. The second section will identify the benefits of creating value for various stakeholders. Finally, the third section will examine the dangers of thinking only about financial performance and profitability.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Le arn More Profits as a core objective of management The idea that wealth maximization should be the top priority for managers has been discussed in the works of many economists. One of them was Milton Friedman who argued that businesses had to concentrate on their profitability (Friedman as cited in Cosans 2009, p. 391). This argument could be very appealing to many corporate executives because by adopting this approach they could resolve or even dismiss many ethical dilemmas and problems. Moreover, many business administrators assumed that a company could do whatever it deemed necessary provided that these actions did not contradict the law (Cosans 2009, p. 392). Therefore, this business philosophy frees an organization and its managers from many restrictions and obligations that can be related to the rules of ethics. This is why it enjoyed popularity for a long time. Even now many business administrators apply this principle, even though they can speak about corporate social resp onsibility of their companies. Unfortunately, many business administrators and even scholars simplify the ideas of Milton Friedman. In fact, he did not exclude ethics from the functioning of companies. He said that the activities of a profit organization â€Å"should be conforming to the basic rules of society† (Friedman as cited Cosans 2009, p. 393). Overall, he placed emphasis on such issues as compliance with the law, unacceptability of deception, and openness of the company (Friedman as cited Cosans 2009, p. 396). This entity was not allowed to disregard the needs of other stakeholders such as customers or workers. This is why ethics and profit seeking should not be separated from another. Thus, even if managers believe that their main task is to increase the wealth of owners and stockholders, they should not try to achieve this objective at any cost. Business administrators or corporate executives have to reconcile the needs of an organization with legal and ethical stan dards; otherwise their work can hardly be viewed as successful.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, those managers pursuing profits at any cost should not suppose that many scholars support this approach. There is no way in which one can reject the restrictions of business ethics. Ethical aspects of businesses continue to attract the attention of many scholars and many of them believe that ethics and responsibility are necessary for successful functioning of markets or even entire economies. For instance, William Shaw (2009) admits that businesses are driven by self-interest, yet, he also points out that by following only economic players can achieve long-term benefits only if they follow a certain set of rules (p. 568). To a great extent, the situation reminds the so-called prisone r’s dilemma in which a player has to sacrifice some of his/her interests in order to succeed (Shaw 2009, p. 567). For instance, car manufacturers have to place much emphasis on the safety of their customers, even though they have to incur extra expenses and even recall many cars. Provided that they choose to neglect this issue, they can simply lose the trust of their clients. In this regard, one can mention the notorious case of Ford Pinto. The management of Ford Corporation chose not to recall the car that had a poorly designed gas tank (Danley 2005, p. 234). When this information was revealed, the reputation of Ford Corporation suffered a severe blow. More importantly, their revenues began to decline. This case illustrates that ethics has to be an inherent part of businesses activities, because without them, no form of cooperation will be possible.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The thing is that business activities are premised on long-term cooperation and the formation or partnerships or alliances (Solomon 1999, p. 18). They can hardly exist provided that partners think only about their self-interests. Apart from that, this example shows that companies are dependent on many stakeholders, for instance, customers. Although, they do not own stocks of a company, they can strongly influence this organization. In this context, the term stakeholder can be defined as every person or organization that can affect a company is affected by it (Fassin 2012, p. 85). This is another reason why profit maximization cannot the sole objective of managers. On the whole, managers should not assume that ethical decisions always run against the self-interest of a company or individual. This is the assumption that only harms many businesses. Profitability and responsibility toward various stakeholders are quite consistent with one another. This is the main issue that business ad ministrators should consider. Such scholars as Bryan Husted and Jose Salazar (2006) argue that modern firms should not be forced to behave in a socially responsible way (p. 75). Under such circumstances, they will act as â€Å"coerced egoists† (Husted Salazar 2006, p. 76). Most likely, the managers of these organizations will only speak about social responsibility without actually practicing it. The main argument of these authors is that the ethical principles should be imbedded into the strategies of an organization. In their belief, the goals of stakeholders and stockholders do not oppose one another. In fact, one should draw a line between them. Managers should remember that it is possible to increase the wealth of stockholders without compromising ethical and legal norms. The following two sections will discuss various rationales for behaving in a socially responsible way. Creation of benefits for stakeholders At this point, it is necessary to demonstrate why managers sh ould pay attention to the needs of various stakeholders. First, even if a person assumes that the task of a business is the maximization of profits, there is still no clear-cut strategy for attaining this goal (Shaw 2009, p. 573). The need to increase revenues does not actually show the path that managers should take. Thus, one still has to evaluate alternative strategies that are available to the company. Some of them can correspond to the standards of corporate social responsibility while other cannot. In his article, David Ahlstrom (2012) points out that the most successful companies have some features in common; in particular, they are willing to create innovative goods or services that benefit customers and society (p. 12). These organizations create employment opportunities in the community and make the lives of people more comfortable. In other words, these companies strive to create value for various stakeholders. They have some of the following characteristics: 1) the empow erment of employees; 2) customer orientation; 3) the adoption of eco-friendly technologies; 4) accountability of corporate executives (Bejou 2011, p. 3). These are the most distinctive traits of these organizations. Among them one can distinguishing such corporations as Apple Inc, Google, ATT and many others. They occupy leading position in their markers. These examples are important because they show that a responsible behavior of a company does not necessarily harm its financial performance. Furthermore, one should take into account that people’s attitude toward businesses have evolved within the last fifty years. According to David Ahlstrom (2012), contemporary societies expect companies to bring benefits to the community (p. 22). These organizations should be accountable to both governmental organizations and community in general (Smith 2003, p. 63). Thus, a company that is driven only by self-interest will find it difficult to achieve success. The idea that revenues are the only goal of a business, could be acceptable thirty or forty years ago. However, it cannot be easily tolerated by people who live at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In the modern world, corporate social responsibility is a norm that an organization should adhere to. This is one of the issues that corporate executives should not overlook if they want to be successful in the workplace. It is hardly permissible to assume that advanced societies will tolerate pure pursuit of profits at the expense of the entire community. Furthermore, it is necessary to point out that for-profit organizations influence and can be influenced by a variety of people or organizations. Among them, one can single out stockholders, customers, governmental organizations, employees, trade unions, environmental organizations and so forth. Admittedly, stockholders occupy the most important place, because they invest capital in a company. Any company will simply go bankrupt provided that their needs are not fully met. Their prosperity should be the main priority for management. However, one should not disregard other stakeholders, such as customers or workers. They can affect the public image of an organization, its revenues, and internal performance. Without their commitment the very sustainability of a company can be jeopardized. Those business administrators, who focus only on the wealth of stockholders, can forget that their companies depend on other people, for instance, customers whose attitudes can profoundly impact the sales rates every company. Such corporate executives can actually lead the companies to stagnation. Therefore, managers should determine the way in which certain stakeholders can affect a company. In this way, they can better develop long-term strategies of this business. The main point is that businesses and stakeholders are interdependent entities and they have to find solutions that benefit each side. Additionally, one should note the majority of succe ssful companies are those ones which were able to win the trust of loyalty of the employees who are very influential stakeholders. If these people feel that they are valued by the organization, they will be more likely to be committed to the goals that the management sets (Bejou 2011, p. 4). They will be willing to defend the reputation of a business. More importantly, these people can hardly accept an idea that they are treated only as means for increasing the wealth of shareholders. If they realize that the management does not attach much importance to their needs, they will fewer incentives to work harder. The management will be able to motivate them only with the help of financial rewards or punishments. Moreover, one can even expect them to violate the rules that the management sets. Employees can also be considered as stakeholders and they can shape financial and organizational performance of every company. For instance, they can affect the company’s relations with its clients. Therefore, a good manager will try to find a compromise between the needs of these people and the interests of stockholders. This is one of the main tasks that corporate executives should try to cope with when they will develop long-term strategies of companies. When discussing the need for corporate social responsibility, one should not focus only on ethical considerations. It is also possible to mention economic rationale for adopting this strategy. The study carried out by Pieter van Beurden and Tobias Gà ¶ssling (2009) shows that companies, which adhere to the principles of CSR, usually yield better results (p. 409). These authors identify various forms of corporate social responsibility, namely, philanthropy, accountability to the public, environment protection, and promotion of diversity in the workplace (Beurden Gà ¶ssling 2009, p. 409). These scholars found a positive relationship between the ethical behavior of an organization and its financial performance. Soci ally responsible business activities can positively affect market return, share price appreciation, and stock performance (Beurden Gà ¶ssling 2009, p. 411). Surely, in each case, the degree of positive influence varies, but there is a marked correlation between business ethics and improved performance. Moreover, the researchers single out other benefits of corporate social responsibility (CSR). For instance, Jacqueline Cramer and Fred Bergmans (2003) identify the following advantages that CSR can bring: 1) a good reputation that is earned through ethical business practices; 2) improved energy efficiency that can be achieved through the use of alternative energy technologies; 3) greater commitment of workers; and 4) the trust of customers (p. 50). Some of these benefits can be measured quantitatively, in particular, economic efficiency, in turn, some of the advantages are intangible. Yet, in each case, CSR can give a company competitive advantage over its rivals. Yet, this goal can be attained only if managers strive to reconcile the needs of different stakeholders who do not necessarily have to be owners or shareholders. A good company should be able to identify the ways in which it can influence others; they also have to think about the possible impacts of stakeholders on their performance. This knowledge will help this organization acquire and retain leading positions in the market. The following section will focus on the risks that managers take when they focus only profitability. The drawbacks of disregarding corporate social responsibility Some corporate executives may be reluctant to follow the principles of CSR because possible advantages do not always yield numerical measurement. This is why one should mention that increased emphasis on the revenues can actually harm a company in the long-term. The thing is that such an organization can become unwilling to adopt new business models or technologies. In many cases, corporate executives pay attention on ly to the short-term profitability of their businesses and overlook the needs and values of other stakeholders. Secondly, they can overlook the risks that are associated with the pursuit of profits. Such corporate leaders can overlook the dangers to which their companies can be exposed to (Christopoulos, Mylonakis, Diktapanidis 2011, p. 11). They often forget that in most cases such a strategy only harms a business. For example, one can mention such a company as Lehman Brothers. This management of this corporation was primarily concerned with the increase of short-term profitability (Christopoulos, Mylonakis, Diktapanidis 2011, p. 11). Very little attention was paid to the obligations that Lehman had toward investors and their interests. Yet, they did not to assess the threats to which they were exposed. As a result of this policy, many employees and investors lost their money. One can even argue that the recent financial crisis can largely be explained by unscrupulous policies of many businesses and unwillingness to think about long-term growth of businesses. Thus, managers should remember about the dangers of looking only at financial performance, and disregarding the social performance of a company. As it has been said before, profitability of a company and ethical behavior are usually inseparable from one another. It should be noted that the majority of modern companies are not monopolies. Only such organizations can dictate their terms to the customers and sometimes even to the entire community. Nevertheless, the number of such monopolies was reduced to a minimum. As a rule, contemporary businesses have to face severe competition. They have to differentiate themselves among others only by creating a distinct value for the customers. Provided that this goal is not achieved, a company will become stagnant or simply lose its positions in the market. Those companies that are driven by the pursuit of profits often fail to identify the needs and values of cus tomers. Therefore, it will be difficult for this organization to differentiate its products from those ones manufactured by its competitors. In the future, the revenues of this company may decline. Thus, mere pursuit of revenues can actually be self-defeating because it does not allow a company to create innovative products. Thus, managers should take this possibility into account and minimize such risks. Furthermore, one should not forget that businesses can be affected by governmental organizations. For instance, there are environmental agencies, departments of labor, internal revenue services, trade commissions, and so forth. They are able to impose fines on the company or develop regulations that can restrict the activities of many businesses. These institutions have the capacity to coerce every company. Besides, those businesses that disregard the rules of ethics often have to face many lawsuits. Sometimes, the costs of these lawsuits can be devastating for an organization. Thu s, there is a distinct and economic need to think about the needs of the community, customers, or employees. Loss aversion may not be the most ethical reason for behaving in a socially responsible way, but even in this way one can see that an unethical business is more likely to fail. Managers, who are concerned only with revenues, run the risks of violating the law and losing money. So, one can argue that there are legal reasons for thinking about corporate social responsibility. Conclusion This discussion indicates that profitability of an organization should not be separated from ethical considerations because without them businesses will not be able to achieve sustainable growth. Secondly, even if managers assume that their task is to increase the revenues of owners or stockholders, they should not forget that this goal can be achieved only if they meet the needs of various stakeholders, namely employees, customers, governmental organizations, and the community in general. They are capable of boosting the financial performance of a company, but they also can ruin it. The most rational strategy for a business is to accept the idea that self-interest should be restricted by ethical constraints, especially the necessity to promote the wellbeing of a community. Overall, special attention should be paid to customers, workers, and governmental organizations since they are the most influential stakeholders. The managers have to find a way in which the financial goals of a business can be made consistent with the principles of corporate social responsibility. References Ahlstrom, D 2010, ‘Innovation and Growth: How Business Contributes to Society’, Academy Of Management Perspectives, vol. 24 no. 3, pp. 11-24. Bejou, D 2011, ‘Compassion as the New Philosophy of Business’, Journal Of Relationship Marketing, vol. 10 no. 1, pp. 1-6 Beurden, P, Gà ¶ssling, T 2008, ‘The Worth of Values – A Literature Review on the Relation Betwee n Corporate Social and Financial Performance’, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 82 no. 2, pp. 407-424. Christopoulos, A, Mylonakis, J, Diktapanidis, P 2011, ‘Could Lehman Brothers’ Collapse Be Anticipated? An Examination Using CAMELS Rating System’, International Business Research, vol. 4 no. 2, pp. 11-19. Cosans, C 2009, ‘Does Milton Friedman Support a Vigorous Business Ethics?’, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 87 no. 3, pp. 391-399. Cramer, J Bergmans, F 2003, Learning about Corporate Social Responsibility: The Dutch Experience, IOS Press, New York. Danley, J 2005, ‘Polishing up the Pinto: Legal liability, moral blame, and risk’, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 205-236. Fassin, Y 2012, ‘Stakeholder Management, Reciprocity and Stakeholder Responsibility’, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 109 no. 1, pp. 83-96. Husted, B, De Jesus Salazar, J 2006, ‘Taking Friedman Seriously: Maximizing Profits a nd Social Performance’, Journal Of Management Studies, vol. 43 no. 1, pp. 75-91. Shaw, W 2009, ‘Marxism, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility’, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 84 no. 4, pp. 565-576. Smith, C 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or How?’, California Management Review, vol. 45 no. 4, pp. 52-76. Solomon, R 1999, ‘Game Theory as a Model for business and business ethics’, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 9 no. 1, pp. 11-29. This essay on Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners? was written and submitted by user Mariah Kline to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Should the primary objective of management be to increase the wealth of shareholders and owners

Mujahideen (Definition)

Mujahideen (Definition) Definition: A mujahid is one who strives or struggles on behalf of Islam; mujahideen is the plural of the same word. The word mujahid is an Arabic participle drawn from the same root as the Arabic word jihad, to strive or struggle. The term is most frequently used in reference to the self named Afghan mujahideen, the guerrilla fighters who battled the Soviet army from 1979 – 1989, when the Soviets withdrew in defeat. The Soviets invaded in December, 1979 in order to provide support a recently installed pro-Soviet prime minister, Babrak Karmal. The mujahideen were fighters from the mountainous areas of the largely rural country, and also maintained bases in Pakistan. They were entirely independent of the government. Mujahideen fought under the command of tribal leaders, who also headed Islamist political parties, which ranged from radical to moderate. The mujahideen received arms by way of Pakistan and Iran, both of which share a border. They made use of an arsenal of guerrilla tactics to thwart the Soviets, such as laying ambushes or blowing up gas pipelines between the two countries. They were estimated to be about 90,000 strong in the mid-1980s. The Afghan mujahideen were not seeking to wage an aggressive jihad beyond national boundaries, but were rather fighting a nationalist war against an occupier. The language of Islam helped unify a population that was- and still isotherwise very heterogonous: Afghans have many tribal, ethnic and linguistic differences. After the war ended in 1989, these different factions returned to their previous divisiveness and fought each other, until the Taliban established rule in 1991. These unorganized guerrilla warriors were viewed as outlaws by their Soviet enemy and as freedom fighters by the Reagan Administration in the U.S., which supported the enemy of its enemy, the Soviet Union. Alternate Spellings: mujahedeen, mujahedin

Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Essays

Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Essays Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Paper Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Paper Over the generations as academia and civilization have transformed, changed, and grown there has always been a tear down the hearts and minds of this worlds greatest scholars. Questions of whether to follow the heart, its emotions and instincts, or the mind, and its intellect, land close to the hearts of anybody involved in academics. In a Merriam-Webster dictionary emotion is defined as 1 a : the affective aspect of consciousness : feeling b : a state of feeling c : a psychic and physical reaction (as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling and physiologically involving changes that prepare the body for immediate vigorous action. 1 Websters dictionary defines the emotion as a sort of sixth sense, a human reaction to an action, feeling. Emotion, is related to instincts, and is an important factor in the survival of humans. However, this same dictionary defines the intellect as 1 a : the power of knowing as distinguished from the power to feel and to will : the capacity for knowledge b : the capacity for rational or intelligent thought especially when highly developed2. Intellect is thus the ration seeking part of human thought. The manner in which one may differentiate between an impulse and judiciousness is through the intellect. One may ask if this means the intellect reigns supreme over emotion, yet I disagree. The debate between emotion and intellect is not a new one. In The Future of Illusion, Freud comments on the issue in respect to instincts. He articulates, We may insist, as much as we like that the human intellect is weak in comparison with human instincts, and be right in doing so. But nevertheless there is something peculiar about this weakness. The voice of the intellect is a soft one, but it does not rest until it has gained a hearing. Ultimately, after endlessly repeated rebuffs, it succeeds. This is one of the few points in which one may be optimistic about the future of mankind, but in itself it signifies not a little. And one can make it a starting-point for yet other hopes. The primacy of the intellect certainly lies in the far, far, but still probably not infinite, distance. (Freud, 92, 1928) In this passage Freud states clearly states that the human intellect does not have as much force behind it as human instincts, emotion and instincts come from a heart while facts, lacking passion, are all that finance the intellect. The power in the intellect is, however, in its ability to continue deeper, into a vast abyss of the unknown and undiscovered. Freud believed this abyss not to be infinite, due to the ability to have an answer for everything. While none has achieved this, but were they to, there would be no more answers beyond that, creating an end for all answers. However, this does not mean that intellect is absolute, due to the manner in which knowledge is flawed there is still room for instincts, even in Freuds eyes3. The topic of emotion as opposed to intellect, feeling vs. act, is often a heavy and heated topic. There are those whose lives center around the following of instincts to the extreme, such as Hindu sadhus in India and other spiritual seekers across the seven continents. There are also those who follow their intellects to the maximum, without using and having any interest in emotion, seemingly more common in academic circles than the former. Being a nihilist one would think Nietzsches ideas on the concepts of emotion are fairly disheartening, to any believer in the importance of emotion. His perceptions of the intellect are at times surprising and immensely interesting. In a passage from What is the Meaning of Ascetic Ideals, the third essay in On the Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche comments on the intellect from a very different and unusual angle, for a nihilist. He begins the segment by influencing against pure reason, absolute spirituality, and knowledge itself. He urges toward understanding and contemplating a diversity of ideas, in order to gain a greater understanding as a collective. A little further along in a passage he declares, There is only a perspective of seeing, only a perspective knowing; and the more affects we allow to speak about one thing, the more eyes, different eyes, we can use to observe one thing, the more complete will our concept of this thing, our objective, be. But to eliminate the will altogether, to suspend each and every affect, supposing we were capable of this -what would that mean but to castrate the intellect? - (Nietzsche, 119) Nih ilism as a doctrine deems traditional values and ideals as unsubstantiated, and survival or existence as futile and useless. This is a very interesting vantage point. Throughout the writing of Nietzsche the necessity to take others ideas and opinions into account is underlined. In this section were told that without the ideas of the other ours cannot possibly be so strong. In affect, if we do not take those who disagree into account we may very well castrate our intelligence, our intellect. Nietzsche insists that we not take any one opinion as superlative, whether it is abundantly positive or negative, yet to browse and discuss in order to understand an issue more fully. The style of philosophy of which Nietzsche partakes in is which views perspective as a tool for infinite understanding. Similar to those who believe in Karma, Freidrich Nietzsches beliefs center on each particular situations perspective and which side of the situation or problem you are on, though he does not comment on Karma in any of his works. Darwin, in The Origin of Species, brings the importance of several vantage points rather than a supreme emotion or intellect into light. He pronounces the human intellect as inappreciable, microscopic or negligible4. The intent behind Darwins statement on this matter is that humans are well, just as the clichi goes, only human. Yes, that statement refers to both intellect as well as emotion. Human lives, and their understandings, are imperfect. Darwin is an expert on the varied species as a growing, changing, mechanism. His expertise noticed in The Voyage of the Beagle5 that the intellect became far keener when his subject back passionately excited about something, both passion and excitement being emotionally charged. Thus the argument for either intellectually based or emotionally based supremacy is at fault. When the question is what do I think of the Oedipus complex, of course one searches within their intellect for a greater understanding of the concept. When an old companion sends a letter, upon its reception ones heart, and more emotional side are contacted. However, what happens when and issue is not solely in the court of your heart or intellect? Unfortunately there is no supreme answer of which to follow, just as there is no supreme answer as which is more accurate, the heart or mind. Just as Nietzsche suggests, as mankind ventures deeper into the 21st century, we must attempt to see situations with our heart and minds, together. Whether the topic is politics, compassion, or hatred, as people we will have a obligation and ability to call on and utilize both heart and mind into use.