Mujahideen (Definition)

Mujahideen (Definition) Definition: A mujahid is one who strives or struggles on behalf of Islam; mujahideen is the plural of the same word. The word mujahid is an Arabic participle drawn from the same root as the Arabic word jihad, to strive or struggle. The term is most frequently used in reference to the self named Afghan mujahideen, the guerrilla fighters who battled the Soviet army from 1979 – 1989, when the Soviets withdrew in defeat. The Soviets invaded in December, 1979 in order to provide support a recently installed pro-Soviet prime minister, Babrak Karmal. The mujahideen were fighters from the mountainous areas of the largely rural country, and also maintained bases in Pakistan. They were entirely independent of the government. Mujahideen fought under the command of tribal leaders, who also headed Islamist political parties, which ranged from radical to moderate. The mujahideen received arms by way of Pakistan and Iran, both of which share a border. They made use of an arsenal of guerrilla tactics to thwart the Soviets, such as laying ambushes or blowing up gas pipelines between the two countries. They were estimated to be about 90,000 strong in the mid-1980s. The Afghan mujahideen were not seeking to wage an aggressive jihad beyond national boundaries, but were rather fighting a nationalist war against an occupier. The language of Islam helped unify a population that was- and still isotherwise very heterogonous: Afghans have many tribal, ethnic and linguistic differences. After the war ended in 1989, these different factions returned to their previous divisiveness and fought each other, until the Taliban established rule in 1991. These unorganized guerrilla warriors were viewed as outlaws by their Soviet enemy and as freedom fighters by the Reagan Administration in the U.S., which supported the enemy of its enemy, the Soviet Union. Alternate Spellings: mujahedeen, mujahedin

Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Essays

Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Essays Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Paper Emotion vs The Intellect, The Heart vs The Mind Paper Over the generations as academia and civilization have transformed, changed, and grown there has always been a tear down the hearts and minds of this worlds greatest scholars. Questions of whether to follow the heart, its emotions and instincts, or the mind, and its intellect, land close to the hearts of anybody involved in academics. In a Merriam-Webster dictionary emotion is defined as 1 a : the affective aspect of consciousness : feeling b : a state of feeling c : a psychic and physical reaction (as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling and physiologically involving changes that prepare the body for immediate vigorous action. 1 Websters dictionary defines the emotion as a sort of sixth sense, a human reaction to an action, feeling. Emotion, is related to instincts, and is an important factor in the survival of humans. However, this same dictionary defines the intellect as 1 a : the power of knowing as distinguished from the power to feel and to will : the capacity for knowledge b : the capacity for rational or intelligent thought especially when highly developed2. Intellect is thus the ration seeking part of human thought. The manner in which one may differentiate between an impulse and judiciousness is through the intellect. One may ask if this means the intellect reigns supreme over emotion, yet I disagree. The debate between emotion and intellect is not a new one. In The Future of Illusion, Freud comments on the issue in respect to instincts. He articulates, We may insist, as much as we like that the human intellect is weak in comparison with human instincts, and be right in doing so. But nevertheless there is something peculiar about this weakness. The voice of the intellect is a soft one, but it does not rest until it has gained a hearing. Ultimately, after endlessly repeated rebuffs, it succeeds. This is one of the few points in which one may be optimistic about the future of mankind, but in itself it signifies not a little. And one can make it a starting-point for yet other hopes. The primacy of the intellect certainly lies in the far, far, but still probably not infinite, distance. (Freud, 92, 1928) In this passage Freud states clearly states that the human intellect does not have as much force behind it as human instincts, emotion and instincts come from a heart while facts, lacking passion, are all that finance the intellect. The power in the intellect is, however, in its ability to continue deeper, into a vast abyss of the unknown and undiscovered. Freud believed this abyss not to be infinite, due to the ability to have an answer for everything. While none has achieved this, but were they to, there would be no more answers beyond that, creating an end for all answers. However, this does not mean that intellect is absolute, due to the manner in which knowledge is flawed there is still room for instincts, even in Freuds eyes3. The topic of emotion as opposed to intellect, feeling vs. act, is often a heavy and heated topic. There are those whose lives center around the following of instincts to the extreme, such as Hindu sadhus in India and other spiritual seekers across the seven continents. There are also those who follow their intellects to the maximum, without using and having any interest in emotion, seemingly more common in academic circles than the former. Being a nihilist one would think Nietzsches ideas on the concepts of emotion are fairly disheartening, to any believer in the importance of emotion. His perceptions of the intellect are at times surprising and immensely interesting. In a passage from What is the Meaning of Ascetic Ideals, the third essay in On the Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche comments on the intellect from a very different and unusual angle, for a nihilist. He begins the segment by influencing against pure reason, absolute spirituality, and knowledge itself. He urges toward understanding and contemplating a diversity of ideas, in order to gain a greater understanding as a collective. A little further along in a passage he declares, There is only a perspective of seeing, only a perspective knowing; and the more affects we allow to speak about one thing, the more eyes, different eyes, we can use to observe one thing, the more complete will our concept of this thing, our objective, be. But to eliminate the will altogether, to suspend each and every affect, supposing we were capable of this -what would that mean but to castrate the intellect? - (Nietzsche, 119) Nih ilism as a doctrine deems traditional values and ideals as unsubstantiated, and survival or existence as futile and useless. This is a very interesting vantage point. Throughout the writing of Nietzsche the necessity to take others ideas and opinions into account is underlined. In this section were told that without the ideas of the other ours cannot possibly be so strong. In affect, if we do not take those who disagree into account we may very well castrate our intelligence, our intellect. Nietzsche insists that we not take any one opinion as superlative, whether it is abundantly positive or negative, yet to browse and discuss in order to understand an issue more fully. The style of philosophy of which Nietzsche partakes in is which views perspective as a tool for infinite understanding. Similar to those who believe in Karma, Freidrich Nietzsches beliefs center on each particular situations perspective and which side of the situation or problem you are on, though he does not comment on Karma in any of his works. Darwin, in The Origin of Species, brings the importance of several vantage points rather than a supreme emotion or intellect into light. He pronounces the human intellect as inappreciable, microscopic or negligible4. The intent behind Darwins statement on this matter is that humans are well, just as the clichi goes, only human. Yes, that statement refers to both intellect as well as emotion. Human lives, and their understandings, are imperfect. Darwin is an expert on the varied species as a growing, changing, mechanism. His expertise noticed in The Voyage of the Beagle5 that the intellect became far keener when his subject back passionately excited about something, both passion and excitement being emotionally charged. Thus the argument for either intellectually based or emotionally based supremacy is at fault. When the question is what do I think of the Oedipus complex, of course one searches within their intellect for a greater understanding of the concept. When an old companion sends a letter, upon its reception ones heart, and more emotional side are contacted. However, what happens when and issue is not solely in the court of your heart or intellect? Unfortunately there is no supreme answer of which to follow, just as there is no supreme answer as which is more accurate, the heart or mind. Just as Nietzsche suggests, as mankind ventures deeper into the 21st century, we must attempt to see situations with our heart and minds, together. Whether the topic is politics, compassion, or hatred, as people we will have a obligation and ability to call on and utilize both heart and mind into use.

Macro & Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro & Micro economics - Essay Example Technology-based water pollution-control standard might not be the most economically efficient or cost-effective way to achieve a given level of reduction in water pollution because this approach would require us to spend more. There is associated monetary amount linked to this move, and so the most important initiative that we need to take to ward our way off an insurmountable amount of expenses is to encourage the participation of everyone, because it is here where the necessary general control starts. Just like the initiative employed in Wabash Rivers, the governor recently would want the land conservation initiative, as this has potential viewed impact to preserve important natural resource and habitat (Wabash Rivers Initiative). In this initiative, there is a required participation of the majority to have consensus general impact, which means there is a necessary uniform action that everyone should implement, reducing the other relevant potential costs had it been that not every one is participating. 2. Discuss the different point sources and nonpoint sources for water pollution. Explain why it has been more difficult to reduce the nonpoint sources. Be specific about what types of nonpoint sources are contributors to water pollution. Point source of water pollutions comes from one source such as either a factory or waste water treatment plant, but the nonpoint sources for water pollution come from the accumulation of pollutants from the day-to-day activities of individuals in the society (Point versus Non-Point Source Pollution). A specific type of nonpoint source is from driving a car. This is an activity that goes daily, and it is hard to reduce this one because transportation has become a critical point in the economic development of the society. For example, transportations have become crucial components of the moving transactions from one company to another. Transportation definitely links the trade and commerce industry in order to flourish and obtain the economic advantage they so desire to achieve. People also require transportation in order to complete any related economic activities they have to perform for the day prior to their survival and the achievement of their basic necessities in life. In other words, it is really difficult to eliminate transportation, as a nonpoint pollution source in today’s highly advanced and economically developed society. 3. In the Taking Sides articles, Milton Friedman argued that indeed profits are the only business of business. Explain what that might mean for controlling environmental pollution. Without government regulation, when would you expect firms to engage in activities that help the environment? Give specific examples. Without government regulation, firms will engage in activities that help the environment when things around them could affect their business, as essentially, Milton Friedman has the point of saying that profits are the only business of business. After all, busi nesses substantially exist because they want to achieve profit in the first place. This profitability may be affected when for instance the companies’ productions may be affected by the lack of raw materials that comes from the environment, as eventually the upshot of on-going pollution. A fish canning factory for instance may go bankrupt or may close business when the supply of fresh raw materials from the ocean deteriorates due to prevailing environmental pollution. Here will be the point when that canning factory will adhere to environmental sustainability and initiate moves or strategies linked to their corporate social responsibility, encouraging the society to take part of their goal to preserve the environment where they get their source of raw materials for their production. 4. Compare the

New Product Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New Product Development - Essay Example The timeliness and precision associated with digital processes makes them the foremost choice for incorporation. Digital products are a step ahead of physically digitized products. These are products that are intangible and are available for use and transfer over the digital domain only. A perfect example of digitized products is Mobile Application Software which is more commonly referred to as a Mobile App. A digital product such as a Mobile App is a software that is either available as freeware or as a paid product. In the digitized world of today a Mobile App is a handy tool that is installed on the smartphone of the beholder. This software application program or Mobile App is a complete tool that does multiple things for its user. In accordance with the instructions embedded into a mobile app the software performs multiple handy or fun filled tasks. For example, a Forex converter app is very handy for an individual working in the stock market. In line with the most current preval ent Forex rates the app can make all the required conversions for you if the requirements are dictated to it. Similarly a prayer reminder app would not only remind you of the prayer times for your designated prayers but it would also provide you with responses to different religious queries that you may have. A Cooing app would become the Chef’s best mate for it may narrate each and every detail about an ingredient and may also suggest the use of it in preferable recipes. Thus, a Digital product is a completely different product when compared to its physical counterpart. It survives in a digital domain only and has no life in the tangible world of physical products. NPD for a DIGITAL PRODUCT The New Product Development processing for a digital product has a lot of user input involved in it. Basically the making of a digital product is all about its usability. The life of digital products is dependent immensely upon the way users need it and intend to make use of it. In fact e ach digital product is designed in line with the user requirements only. This implies that the main input for the new project development (NPD) for a Digital Product comes mainly from the prospective user itself. A set of prospective users of the digital product to be is chalked out in the initial stage of NPD. It is then then the way each of the possible users/ audiences would interact with the digital product is chalked out separately into each singled out scenario. Each of the scenarios is a complete set of execution of instructions that need to be embedded within the Digital Product to be. Once the list of processes that needs to be incorporated in the software of the digital product has been finalized the structure is then implemented in a favorable programming language. A final set of instructions governing the Digital Product then forms the backend of a polished fine user friendly front end based digital product. The NPD of a digital product is signified by another quality wh ich does not exist with the NPD of Physical Products. A digital product is often launched in two stages. Initially a test form termed as â€Å"Beta† form is released into the open market. The feedback that the Beta form of the Digital product gets enables the designers of the digital product to enhance parts of the digital product in line with user requirements. NPD for a digital product which is web based involves taking input from the users directly

Opera - Carmen Essay Example for Free

Opera Carmen Essay This was an amazing Opera, I only wish that I had the opportunity to see it in person. I have never watched anything like it, and probably would not have had it not been part of this class. Let me say Thank you for opening my eyes to this amazing experience. The theatrical performance, choreography and music were very moving and to my surprise drew me in to continue watching and trying to interpret. I have to say I was very shocked at the sexuality used in this performance, it seemed as thought it was wrote long before its time. Carmens sexuality was very much a large part of the performance and I found it intriguing. I decided to rent the movie Carmen to compare the performances and found them to be very similar in character however the Opera was much more captivating. The music alone is wonderful but when added to the stage performance it was absolutely mesmerizing. Carmen is a direct conflict of the expectations for women of this time period. Women were to be gentle, biddable and sinned against. However Carmen used her beauty and sexuality to her advantage. She perfectly combined her acting, singing, and dancing abilities to portray a seductive and enticing personality that even Don Jose could not resist. The musical transitions for each character and scene were for me the amateur at times overwhelming and difficult to take it all in. As the music and people become loud during the bullfight in the background you can hear Carmen and Don Jose characters in the music. In the beginning of the Opera Don Jose appears to be very strong and powerful with an ability to ignore Carmen. Again the music helps portray this image. Obviously he changes throughout the performance to become ravaged with lust and jealousy towards Carmen. You can hear in his voice his defeat and it leaves you to believe that although he will no longer be jealous he also will mourn Carmen forever. Although the orchestra was not shown often it appeared that it consisted primarily of men, which I found rather interesting. The sets were also incredible which made me wonder how the original sets were designed. This Opera appears to have been a monumental changes in the French Opera it is a shame that Bizet, due to his early death, was unable to realize his impact not only of his time but still today 100 years later.

Remember Me :: essays papers

Remember Me Throughout life you will meet many different people. Some of them you will forget in a matter of minutes. Others you might think about every now and then, wondering how life is treating them. Then there are the people that touch you in some way. Maybe just because they smile at you everyday, maybe they are there for you at times when no one else is, or maybe they did something special for you that was greatly appreciated. Whatever the reason, there are always people out there that you will remember. I am an ordinary seventeen year old girl. I have posters of cute guys hanging on my bedroom walls and my favorite stuffed animals rest on my bed. My closet is full of clothes, half of which I don’t wear, but it’s full just the same. I have a house, a car, more friends than I ever asked for, and a good life. However, all of these things do not make me. I am a thoughtful teenager, striving so hard to grow up and yet, still so full of dreams. My biggest dream of all is to be remembered. I want to touch people in such a way that they will never forget who I am. I want them to tell their grandchildren stories about me and for them to tell their grandchildren and so on. That way, I’ll still be alive years after I actually die. However, this will be very difficult. I don’t know where to start in my quest for being remembered. Everyday I wake up, take a shower, get dressed, brush my teeth, and do whatever I have planned for the day. That’s certainly nothing to be remembered for, but it is only how I begin my day. If I go to school, I get in my little black Tracker and drive up 741 to the parking lot. I pull into spot 41, get out, throw my bag over my shoulder, and go into the building. It’s a rare occasion that there isn’t a smile on my face throughout the day. I go to my friends and ask them how they’re doing. I know they can count on me to sincerely listen. I’ve worked hard for many years to become a good listener. If I go to work, I maintain a smile as well.

Structuralism and Functionalism

Structuralism VS. Functionalism Breanne Jagiello National University Structuralism VS. Functionalism â€Å"We are the cosmos made conscious and life is the means by which the universe understands itself. † –Brian Cox. Both structuralism and functionalism were intended to seek answers to questions of the conscious mind. The basis for scientific psychology began with structuralism and later attempted to model psychology on evolutionary theory (functionalism).Both sciences share some commonalties as well as many differences and are still used and relevant in modern psychology. Structuralism can be defined as â€Å"E. B Tichener’s system of psychology, which dealt with conscious experience as dependent on experiencing persons† (Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 18). In this system mental processes are broken down into the most basic components. This science taught that all human knowledge had been derived from human experience, and that there is no other source of k nowledge.Following structuralism was functionalism â€Å"A system of psychology concerned with the mind as it is used in an organism’s adaptation to its environment† (Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 18). Functionalism focused on how the mind operated, and sought to answer what mental processes accomplished. Both sciences are concerned with uncovering questions regarding the conscious self. The two sciences have been considered to be highly integrated and interrelated. What manifests itself as a function from one angle may be viewed as structure from another and vice versa; therefore, one cannot do justice to the evolution of economic theories by concentrating exclusively on either structuralism or functionalism—a synthesis of the two is essential† (Karsten, n. d. , p. 180). Functionalism and structuralism both relied on introspection as a method for research. Although flaws were found in introspection observation, it has still proven to be an essential bridge to unlocking psychological wisdom.Introspection relies on self-reports about personal thoughts or feelings, essentially experience. â€Å"Experience is a common starting point for all sciences, from physics to psychology, and each science must be permitted to use those explanatory principles† (Shook, n. d. , p. 348) While there were similarities between each science, there were many more differences. Functionalism can be thought of as a response to structuralism. With functionalism came a new beginning for the basis of psychology.Structuralism focused on what happened when an organism experienced an event, while functionalism focused on the how and why. â€Å"It did this first by abandoning key elements of Wundt’s effort to model scientific psychology on the physiological successes and instead attempted to model psychology on evolutionary theory†(Green, 2009, p. 75). Functionalist also differed in that; they believed breaking down the elements would deceive cons ciousness. Their ideas about consciousness were in terms of the whole, â€Å"mental life is a unity, a total experience that changes.Consciousness is a continuous flow, and any attempt to divide it into temporarily distinct phases can only distort it†(Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 137). Titchener, on the other hand, taught that consciousness was the sum of experiences as they happen at any given time. He focused on the parts while Wundt focused on the whole. Functionalists were not concerned with the structure of mental processes, researchers were more concerned with how these processes â€Å"lead to practical consequences in the real world†(Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 03) Structuralism was concerned with determining the structure and basic parts of consciousness. Leaders in functionalism and structuralism had very different perspectives of how the mind should be analyzed, both contributed to the development of psychology in very different ways. Structuralism clearly def ined conscious experience and, â€Å"their research methods were in the highest tradition of science†(Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 100). Functionalism also had an impact on psychology’s development. Animal behavior became an important area of study as a consequence to this the science.Research methods such as physiological research, mental tests, questionnaires, and objective descriptions were introduced with functionalism. Both sciences can be related to modern day psychology. Introspection is still used in some cases through self-reports based on experience. â€Å"Self-reports are still requested from people exposed to unusual environments, such as weightlessness for space flight. Introspective reports involving cognitive processes such as reasoning are frequently used in psychology today† (Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 100).Also, today child psychology as introduced in functionalism is a widely used and studied branch of psychology today. These sciences gave us the basis for psychology as we know it today. References Green, C. D. (2009). Darwinian theory, functionalism, and the firstAmerican psychological revolution. Retrieved from http://nu. libguides. com/content. php? pid=159445&sid=1349149 Karsten, S. G. (n. d. ). Dialectics, functionalsim, and structuralism, in economic thoughts. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. nu. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=c052e67a-2092-4c7f-9882-5fdc8d700d0f%40sessionmgr12&vid=1&hid=4 Schultz, D. P. , & Schultz, S. E. (2012). The study of the history of psychology. In J. Hague (Ed. ), The history of Modern Psychology (10th edition ed. , pp. 1-21). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Shook, J. R. (n. d. ). Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution to John Dewey’s functional psychology. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. nu. edu/ehost/search/basic? sid=bbb50993-231d-42d9-8885-881119aa7fd0%40sessionmgr15&vid=4&hid=22

History of Indian Airlines

Brief History of Indian Airlines India's chiefly domestic state-owned carrier, Indian Airlines Ltd. , flies passengers and cargo to 59 domestic and 16 international destinations. Its fleet numbered 52 aircraft in 2000. Indian Airlines has traditionally based its network around the four main hubs of Delhi, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Calcutta, and Chennai (formerly Madras). The airline carries about six million passengers a year and has a substantial freight operation. Origins The Air Corporations Act of 1953 amalgamated India's dozen or so airlines, most of them undercapitalized, into two nationalized air carriers: Air-India Ltd. given responsibility for international routes, and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC), the domestic airline. The eight airlines that were amalgamated into IAC included Air Services of India Ltd. , Airways (India) Ltd. , Bharat Airways Ltd. , Deccan Airways Ltd. (already 70 percent government-owned), Himalayan Aviation Ltd. , Indian National Airways Ltd. , Kalin ga Airlines, Ltd. , plus the domestic operations of Air-India Ltd. IAC began operations with a fleet of 74 of the war surplus Douglas DC-3s that had founded its short-lived predecessors. The airline also had three times as many employees as it needed, writes R.E. G. Davies, a situation that was slow to change due to the government's refusal to allow layoffs. Davies also writes that the standard of maintenance was low and the airline suffered many accidents in its early years. IAC soon moved to bolster its fleet by ordering a few new de Havilland 114 Herons, retired after only a couple of years of service, and Vickers Viscount 768s, which were assigned to trunk routes. The DC-3s continued to supply feeder traffic; they soon began to be phased out by Fokker F-27s and Avro 748s. IAC began flying short-haul jets–French-made Caravelles–in the mid-1960s.The Caravelles were so popular that IAC soon needed larger jets to on the routes between Bombay (Mumbai), Delhi, Calcutta, and Madras (Chennai) that formed the India's domestic trunk network. IAC's first Boeing 737s entered service in 1971. Between 1962 and 1972, IAC was called upon to support the military in several campaigns, first in skirmishes with China, and later with the wars with Pakistan that ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh. Confidence and Crisis in the 1970s and 1980s IAC announced a Rs45 million loss for 1972. The next year, the company had several incidents of aircraft damage or loss.Labor unrest, high fuel costs, political burdens, and built-in inefficiencies added to the company's problems. However, these were met with such resolve that IAC had the confidence to order its first wide-body jets, Airbus A300s, in 1975. A program to produce ground support equipment in Indian factories was part of the deal. In 1976, new routes stretched across political divisions to Kabul, Afghanistan, in the northwest, and the Maldive Islands in the south. The government allowed the formation of a few new limited service airlines in the 1970s: Air Works India, Huns Air, and Goldensun Aviation.None of them had long life spans. Around 1979, IAC dropped the word â€Å"Corporation† from its name. Another national airline, Vayudoot, was formed in 1981 and tasked with carrying feeder traffic from India's smaller communities. Indian Airlines' managing director, Gerry Pais, was Vayudoot's part-time chairman. Vayudoot was serving more than 100 destinations within India by 1990. The government also set up a helicopter corporation to serve off-shore oil fields. Britain's  Financial Times  described Indian Airlines as the world's third largest domestic carrier in the mid-1980s.With business growing at better than ten percent a year, it was increasing its capacity. Indian Airlines ordered a dozen of the new Boeing 757s in August 1984. After Rajiv Gandhi, a former Indian Airlines pilot, became prime minister, this order was changed to Airbus A320s due to what were perceived as political reasons. However, the crash of an Indian Airlines A320 in Bangalore on February 14, 1990–the type's second major crash globally in a two-year period–sorely tested management's faith in the plane, which featured new fly-by-wire flight controls and electronic cockpit instrumentation.As part of a plan to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India, the state's international carrier, two leading young industrialists were appointed to chair the boards of the two companies in autumn 1986. Neither these plans nor the new chairmen lasted very long. In 1987, Indian Airlines carried 10 million passengers and earned a profit of Rs630 million ($48 million). However, the quality of its service was facing criticism, to be heightened by the coming entry of new carriers into the market. India's chiefly domestic state-owned carrier, Indian Airlines Ltd. flies passengers and cargo to 59 domestic and 16 international destinations. Its fleet numbered 52 aircraft in 2000. Indian Airline s has traditionally based its network around the four main hubs of Delhi, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Calcutta, and Chennai (formerly Madras). The airline carries about six million passengers a year and has a substantial freight operation. Origins The Air Corporations Act of 1953 amalgamated India's dozen or so airlines, most of them undercapitalized, into two nationalized air carriers: Air-India Ltd. given responsibility for international routes, and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC), the domestic airline. The eight airlines that were amalgamated into IAC included Air Services of India Ltd. , Airways (India) Ltd. , Bharat Airways Ltd. , Deccan Airways Ltd. (already 70 percent government-owned), Himalayan Aviation Ltd. , Indian National Airways Ltd. , Kalinga Airlines, Ltd. , plus the domestic operations of Air-India Ltd. IAC began operations with a fleet of 74 of the war surplus Douglas DC-3s that had founded its short-lived predecessors.The airline also had three times as many emplo yees as it needed, writes R. E. G. Davies, a situation that was slow to change due to the government's refusal to allow layoffs. Davies also writes that the standard of maintenance was low and the airline suffered many accidents in its early years. IAC soon moved to bolster its fleet by ordering a few new de Havilland 114 Herons, retired after only a couple of years of service, and Vickers Viscount 768s, which were assigned to trunk routes. The DC-3s continued to supply feeder traffic; they soon began to be phased out by Fokker F-27s and Avro 748s.IAC began flying short-haul jets–French-made Caravelles–in the mid-1960s. The Caravelles were so popular that IAC soon needed larger jets to on the routes between Bombay (Mumbai), Delhi, Calcutta, and Madras (Chennai) that formed the India's domestic trunk network. IAC's first Boeing 737s entered service in 1971. Between 1962 and 1972, IAC was called upon to support the military in several campaigns, first in skirmishes with China, and later with the wars with Pakistan that ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh. Confidence and Crisis in the 1970s and 1980sIAC announced a Rs45 million loss for 1972. The next year, the company had several incidents of aircraft damage or loss. Labor unrest, high fuel costs, political burdens, and built-in inefficiencies added to the company's problems. However, these were met with such resolve that IAC had the confidence to order its first wide-body jets, Airbus A300s, in 1975. A program to produce ground support equipment in Indian factories was part of the deal. In 1976, new routes stretched across political divisions to Kabul, Afghanistan, in the northwest, and the Maldive Islands in the south.The government allowed the formation of a few new limited service airlines in the 1970s: Air Works India, Huns Air, and Goldensun Aviation. None of them had long life spans. Around 1979, IAC dropped the word â€Å"Corporation† from its name. Another national airline, Vayudoot, was formed in 1981 and tasked with carrying feeder traffic from India's smaller communities. Indian Airlines' managing director, Gerry Pais, was Vayudoot's part-time chairman. Vayudoot was serving more than 100 destinations within India by 1990.The government also set up a helicopter corporation to serve off-shore oil fields. Britain's  Financial Times  described Indian Airlines as the world's third largest domestic carrier in the mid-1980s. With business growing at better than ten percent a year, it was increasing its capacity. Indian Airlines ordered a dozen of the new Boeing 757s in August 1984. After Rajiv Gandhi, a former Indian Airlines pilot, became prime minister, this order was changed to Airbus A320s due to what were perceived as political reasons.However, the crash of an Indian Airlines A320 in Bangalore on February 14, 1990–the type's second major crash globally in a two-year period–sorely tested management's faith in the plane, which feature d new fly-by-wire flight controls and electronic cockpit instrumentation. As part of a plan to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India, the state's international carrier, two leading young industrialists were appointed to chair the boards of the two companies in autumn 1986. Neither these plans nor the new chairmen lasted very long.In 1987, Indian Airlines carried 10 million passengers and earned a profit of Rs630 million ($48 million). However, the quality of its service was facing criticism, to be heightened by the coming entry of new carriers into the market. Chronology * Key Dates: * 1953:  Indian Airlines is formed as India's domestic airline. * 1965:  Short-haul Caravelle jets enter the fleet. * 1972:  IAC records a rare loss. * 1975:  The company orders its first widebody jets. * 1992:  India's domestic air market is deregulated. * 1998:  Plans to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India are drawn up but not approved. 2001:  The Indian government solicits bidders for p artial ownership of Indian Airlines. Additional Details * State-Owned Company * Incorporated:  1953 as Indian Airlines Corporation * Employees:  22,500 * Sales:  Rs 3,755 crore ($1 billion) (2001) * NAIC:  481111 Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation; 481112 Scheduled Freight Air Transportation; 481211 Nonscheduled Chartered Passenger Air Transportation; 481212 Nonscheduled Chartered Freight Air Transportationhttp://www. referenceforbusiness. com/history2/65/Indian-Airlines-Ltd. html#ixzz2DAhNxQo5

The Internet, Teaching and Learning essays

The Internet, Teaching and Learning essays Using the internet for learning and teaching purposes can have benefits; however the disadvantages far outweigh the positives. The internet is not the effective tool that it appears to be, with many tertiary students finding difficulties associated with accessing and using this technology. The internet holds a wealth of information; however the quality of this information can be questionable. In addition to this, using the internet requires a certain amount of computer knowledge which students can find difficult to master and there are associated issues regarding accessing information and the related costs involved with using the internet. Students using the internet for study are also at risk of isolation due to the autonomous nature of external study. It is true that much information can be found by simply typing a few words into a search engine and pressing enter. Nevertheless, information can be uploaded to the internet without any scrutiny or evaluation from experts. Alternatively, information that is gathered from printed material will have been thoroughly examined and assessed by an authority on the subject before being published (MacDonald on the internet...anything goes, this means that the authenticity of the information on the internet must be questioned. Singh s more, using the internet promotes casual reading habits. Students who read in an informal manner are not engaging completely with the content, which can result in the production of a more casual writing style (Birkerts in Leibowitz 1999). Along with the issue of establishing the quality of information on the internet, there are difficulties associated with accessing the information in the first place. Acquiring information online requires using a computer with...

5 Words that Come from the Moon

5 Words that Come from the Moon 5 Words that Come from the Moon Fifty years ago, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first people to walk on the moon. Unfortunately, all they brought back were some rocks. But the moon has given us many things, including several words! So let’s celebrate this landmark in space exploration by looking at the etymology of â€Å"moon,† plus five words it has inspired. Moon Etymology The word â€Å"moon† has a long history, which is unsurprising given that it’s a massive glowing orb in the night’s sky that has been around for longer than human language. We can, however, trace it back to both the Middle English mone and the Old English mona. Further back, it may come from the Proto-Indo-European term *me(n)ses- and the root *me-, meaning â€Å"measure.† Here, we see how people have used the waxing and waning of the moon to measure the passage of time since†¦ well, since we’ve had any notion of time passing. Waxing and waning(Image: Orion 8/wikimedia) Another term we may want to look at is â€Å"lunar,† an adjective meaning â€Å"related to the moon.† This comes from the noun luna, an old-fashioned word with origins in the PIE root *leuk-, meaning â€Å"light† or â€Å"brightness.† And here we see the importance of the moon as a source of light at night. But how have these terms influenced modern English? Let’s take a look. 5 Words that Come from the Moon There are many, many words with a connection to our lunar neighbor. And we won’t even touch on figures of speech such as over the moon and once in a blue moon. But we will look at five of our favorite moon-derived terms to see where exactly they come from. 1. Moon as a Verb As well as a noun, â€Å"moon† has picked up two key uses as a verb over the years: To act absent-mindedly, often through distraction (e.g., to â€Å"moon over† someone or to â€Å"moon around† the house when you have nothing to do). To expose one’s buttocks as a joke or insult. The first of these is probably related to the word â€Å"moonstruck,† which reflected an old belief that the moon could affect people’s behavior (more on that below). The second comes from the fact that buttocks can be pale and round, much like a certain feature of the night’s sky. We hope learning this doesn’t prompt you to see the moon as a big sky buttock, though. 2. Month Originally, a â€Å"month† was literally the time between one new moon and the next one. As such, we can find connections between â€Å"moon† and â€Å"month† in many European languages. In fact, the PIE term *me(n)ses- above may have originally meant both â€Å"moon† and â€Å"month.† Another word we get from â€Å"moon† is â€Å"Monday,† which literally means â€Å"day of the moon.† We also see this in the German Montag, as well as the French lundi, the Spanish word lunes, and the Italian term lunedi. 3. Menstruation Moving on from â€Å"month,† we have a monthly cycle: menstruation. In fact, â€Å"menstruation† and â€Å"menses† come from Latin and Greek words meaning â€Å"month† (mensis) and â€Å"moon† (mene). Some people also believe their menstrual cycles sync up with the lunar cycle. However, there is no scientific evidence for this, so it is probably a myth. 4. Lunatic Above, we mentioned the old belief that the moon can affect people’s behavior. We see this most clearly in the word â€Å"lunatic,† which now refers to someone who behaves erratically. Not that long ago, though, â€Å"lunatic† was a word for someone suffering from mental illness. And some people still believe the moon can affect our behavior. But medical science has moved on from such ideas, so we do not use this word to refer to mental illness any more. 5. Moonshine What better way to finish our list than with a drink? Having said that, we’re not sure how many of you would pick moonshine as your beverage of choice. If you buy moonshine today, it will probably be from a shop. But the term was first applied to smuggled or illegally distilled liquor, illicit activities that always occurred at night. It may also be related to the word â€Å"moonraker,† which is associated with English smugglers for the same reason. Thank You, Moon Finally, let us say a brief thank you to the moon. Sure, with modern science we know it’s a big hunk of rock that just sits in the sky, not some god or goddess watching over us. But it has been with us since before humanity had the gall to shape tools from flint, never mind strap ourselves to rockets and blast off into the void to pay it a visit. And we see that influence across human culture, art and – as shown above – language. We salute you, moon! As a species, then, we owe the moon a lot. And that’s before we even get on to its role in controlling the tides. So next time you use the word â€Å"month† or â€Å"menstruation,† spare a thought for our lunar friend.

The Economic Growth of Developing Countries Assignment

The Economic Growth of Developing Countries - Assignment Example More recently WTO has focused upon the need to sustain an open multilateral trading framework, particularly in the light of the proliferation of regional blocs. In spite of some weaknesses and limitations of its strategies, WTO has benefited the economic growth of developing countries and involves them in free trade relations and international trade. The main question worried many nations and economists "Does WTO really promote free trade or just control the international trading relations and economic order The WTO was established on 1st January 1995 by the Marrakesh agreement. It was a new agreement between the global nations which improved and extended articles of GATT established in 1947. .WTO differs from GATT as it is based on different principles and policies of trade relations. GATT is just a set of rules while WTO is an international institution with governing bodies. In contrast to GATT, WTO commitments are full. GATT rules and principles of trade cover only retail trade while WTO regulates services and intellectual property industries. The main difference is that WTO is based on multilateral agreements applied to all members of the institution while GATT involved selective agreements applied to some local economies. The befit of WTO is that it is undeniable that trade policy leaders have their own bases of support, such as interest groups and the bureaucratic institutions they direct. As they depend on those bases to maintain their current position, policymakers' interests, pr iorities, and responsibilities in policy making are put by their support bases. In fact, the state-oriented approach underlines the importance of the demands of society on trade policymaking. In contrast to GATT, WTO has a stricter system of trade control and does not permit trade violations. Trade violations involve such impotent issues as labor relations and environmental concerns. These rules and principles can be seen as a response to dissatisfaction with the explanatory power of international trade relations that concentrate on international factors or assume country interests to be external. Such attempts are grouped by WTO into four, based on their characterization of the international and the domestic, and the lines of responsibility they draw between these political issues. WTO has a set of laws aimed to restrict the activity of those companies which violate accepted rules and norms of international trade. The domestic and international relations each possess different and distinct features and limitations on country action; thus domestic goals are more effectively pursued with international trade strategies.

MGMT335 U5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGMT335 U5 IP - Research Paper Example receive an equal pay just like any other member who got the same skills and competence working under similar working environment without considering such factors as sex. The act may exhibit exceptions in instances where merit and seniority may lead to unequal pay especially when the quality of work differs (Andrews, 2007). The other indispensable law employers ought to observe is contained under Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964. The act provides immunity to employees from traits that tend to discriminate individuals based on color, sex, religion or nationality. The law works in organizations that have more than 15 employees working under the same environmental conditions. Employers also uphold the legislation contained under Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that provides immunity to qualified individuals with disability. The act prohibits employers from discriminating skilled and competent individuals from participating in promotion and hiring process due to their disability unless the condition is affecting the performance of the individual (Andrews, 2007). Employers are supposed to respect laws stipulated under The National Labor Relations Act that allow the workforce to vent their grievances without being discriminated. The workforce may form labor unions that they use as channels to communicate their discomfort once promoted or hired in a particular job group (U.S. Department of Labor, 2012). Employers should observe legislation that fall under The Employment Retirement Security Act of 1970. This act provides protections to the workforce when seeking their retirement benefit. Employers should not discriminate individuals when they express their rights to access their retirement benefits. Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 forms the two exemplars of legislation that specifically deals with discrimination. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides